Book C-8 Kernel Specification

© 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. EMV ® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification Version 1.2 June 2026 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 2 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Legal Notice The EMV ® Specifications are provided “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, and EMVCo neither assumes nor accepts any liability for any errors or omissions contained in these Specifications. EMVCO DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON -INFRINGEMENT, AS TO THESE SPECIFICATIONS. EMVCo makes no representations or warranties with respect to intellectual property rights of any third parties in or in relation to the Specifications. EMVCo undertakes no responsibility to determine whether any implementation of the EMV Specifications may violate, infringe, or otherwise exercise the patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, know-how, or other intellectual property rights of third parties, and thus any person who implements any part of the EMV Specifications should consult an intellectual property attorney before any such implementation. Without limiting the foregoing, the Specifications may provide for the use of public key encryption and other technology, which may be the subject matter of patents in several countries. Any party seeking to implement these Specifications is solely responsible for determining whether its activities require a license to any such technology, including for patents on public key encryption technology. EMVCo shall not be liable under any theory for any party’s infringement of any intellectual property rights in connection with the EMV Specifications. EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 3 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Revision Log – Version 1.2 This section outlines notable updates that have been made to this specification since the publication of the EMV Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.1. Incorporated changes described in the following Specification Bulletins: Specification Bulletin No. 302: Updates to Contactless Book C-8 - Kernel 8 Specification Specification Bulletin No. 310: Updates to Contactless Book C-8 Specification Bulletin No. 314 Second Edition: Update to TRMD Specification Bulletin No. 325: Updates to Book C-8 Minor editorial changes EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 4 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Contents 1 Using This Manual .............................................................................................. 16 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Audience .............................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Related Information ............................................................................................ 16 1.4 Terminology ........................................................................................................ 19 1.5 Notations ............................................................................................................. 21 1.5.1 State Machine ................................................................................................ 21 1.5.2 Data Object Notation ...................................................................................... 24 1.5.3 Other Notational Conventions ........................................................................ 26 1.6 Version ................................................................................................................. 29 2 General Architecture ........................................................................................... 30 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Reader Processes ............................................................................................... 32 2.2.1 Process P ....................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Process D ...................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Process S ....................................................................................................... 34 2.2.4 Process K ....................................................................................................... 34 2.2.5 Process M ...................................................................................................... 36 2.2.6 Process C ...................................................................................................... 37 2.3 The Reader Database .......................................................................................... 39 3 Overview of Kernel Functionality ....................................................................... 42 3.1 Implementation Options ..................................................................................... 42 3.2 Kernel Data Sources ........................................................................................... 43 3.3 Transaction Flow ................................................................................................. 44 3.4 Data Exchange .................................................................................................... 44 3.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 45 3.4.2 Sending Data to the Terminal ......................................................................... 45 3.4.3 Requesting Data from the Terminal ................................................................ 46 3.5 Data Storage ........................................................................................................ 47 3.6 Relay Resistance Protocol ................................................................................. 48 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 5 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 3.7 Privacy Protection ............................................................................................... 49 3.8 CVM Processing .................................................................................................. 49 3.9 Kernel Configuration Options ............................................................................ 51 4 Data Organisation ............................................................................................... 52 4.1 TLV Database ...................................................................................................... 52 4.1.1 Principles ....................................................................................................... 52 4.1.2 Access Conditions .......................................................................................... 53 4.1.3 Services ......................................................................................................... 53 4.1.4 DOL Handling................................................................................................. 57 4.2 Working Variables ............................................................................................... 58 4.3 List Handling ....................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Configuration Data .............................................................................................. 61 4.5 CA Public Key Database ..................................................................................... 62 4.6 Certification Revocation List .............................................................................. 65 4.7 Data Object Format ............................................................................................. 66 4.7.1 Format............................................................................................................ 66 4.7.2 Format Checking ............................................................................................ 67 4.8 Reserved for Future Use (RFU) .......................................................................... 68 5 C-APDU Commands ............................................................................................ 69 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Exchange Relay Resistance Data ...................................................................... 70 5.2.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 70 5.2.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 70 5.2.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 70 5.2.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Generate AC ........................................................................................................ 72 5.3.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 72 5.3.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 72 5.3.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 73 5.3.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 73 5.4 Get Processing Options ..................................................................................... 74 5.4.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 74 5.4.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 74 5.4.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 74 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 6 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 5.4.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 75 5.5 Read Data ............................................................................................................ 76 5.5.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 76 5.5.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 76 5.5.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 76 5.5.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 77 5.6 Read Record ........................................................................................................ 78 5.6.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 78 5.6.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 78 5.6.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 79 5.6.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 79 5.7 Write Data ............................................................................................................ 80 5.7.1 Definition and Scope ...................................................................................... 80 5.7.2 Command Message ....................................................................................... 80 5.7.3 Data Field Returned in the Response Message ............................................. 80 5.7.4 Status Bytes ................................................................................................... 81 6 Kernel State Machine .......................................................................................... 82 6.1 Principles ............................................................................................................. 82 6.2 Kernel State Diagram .......................................................................................... 82 6.3 State Transitions ................................................................................................. 84 6.3.1 Kernel Started ................................................................................................ 84 6.3.2 State 1 – Idle .................................................................................................. 87 6.3.3 State 2 – Waiting for Process C Initialisation .................................................. 92 6.3.4 State 20 – Waiting for GPO Response ........................................................... 97 6.3.5 State 21 – Waiting for Exchange Relay Resistance Data Response ............ 101 6.3.6 States 20 and 21 – Common Processing ..................................................... 108 6.3.7 State 22 – Waiting for Read Record Response ............................................ 112 6.3.8 State 23 – Waiting for Read Data Response ................................................ 120 6.3.9 States 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 – Common Processing ................................... 128 6.3.10 State 24 – Waiting for First Write Flag .......................................................... 132 6.3.11 State 25 – Waiting for Decrypted Data ......................................................... 137 6.3.12 States 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 – Common Processing ............................. 142 6.3.13 State 26 – Waiting for Generate AC Response ............................................ 148 6.3.14 State 27 – Waiting for Decrypted Records .................................................... 155 6.3.15 States 26 and 27 – Common Processing ..................................................... 157 6.3.16 State 28 – Waiting for IAD MAC Results ...................................................... 162 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 7 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 6.3.17 State 29 – Waiting for EDA Results .............................................................. 167 6.3.18 State 30 – Waiting for Write Data Response ................................................ 174 6.3.19 States 29 and 30 – Common Processing ..................................................... 180 6.4 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 191 6.4.1 Request Process Certificates ....................................................................... 191 6.4.2 Terminal Action Analysis .............................................................................. 200 7 Process C — Cryptographic Processing ......................................................... 202 7.1 Internal Data Store ............................................................................................ 203 7.2 Flow Diagrams................................................................................................... 206 7.2.1 Process Incoming Signals ............................................................................ 207 7.2.2 Initialise Process C ....................................................................................... 210 7.2.3 GPO Privacy ................................................................................................ 212 7.2.4 Record Received .......................................................................................... 214 7.2.5 Process Issuer Certificate............................................................................. 216 7.2.6 Process ICC Certificate ................................................................................ 218 7.2.7 Process EDA MAC ....................................................................................... 221 7.2.8 Process Blinding Factor ............................................................................... 223 7.2.9 Validate Message ......................................................................................... 224 7.2.10 Process Encrypt Message ............................................................................ 226 7.2.11 Process IAD MAC ........................................................................................ 228 8 (formerly Security Algorithms) ......................................................................... 230 Annex A Data Dictionary .............................................................................................. 231 A.1 Data Objects by Name ...................................................................................... 231 A.1.1 Account Type ............................................................................................... 231 A.1.2 Acquirer Identifier ......................................................................................... 231 A.1.3 Active AFL .................................................................................................... 231 A.1.4 Active Tag .................................................................................................... 232 A.1.5 Additional Terminal Capabilities ................................................................... 232 A.1.6 Amount, Authorised (Numeric) ..................................................................... 232 A.1.7 Amount, Other (Numeric) ............................................................................. 233 A.1.8 Application Cryptogram ................................................................................ 233 A.1.9 [deleted] ....................................................................................................... 233 A.1.10 [deleted] ....................................................................................................... 233 A.1.11 Application Expiration Date .......................................................................... 233 A.1.12 Application File Locator ................................................................................ 234 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 8 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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A.1.13 Application Identifier (Configuration Data) .................................................... 235 A.1.14 Application Interchange Profile ..................................................................... 235 A.1.15 Application Label .......................................................................................... 236 A.1.16 Application PAN ........................................................................................... 236 A.1.17 Application PAN Sequence Number ............................................................. 236 A.1.18 Application Preferred Name ......................................................................... 236 A.1.19 Application Priority Indicator ......................................................................... 236 A.1.20 Application Selection Registered Proprietary Data ....................................... 237 A.1.21 Application Transaction Counter................................................................... 237 A.1.22 Application Usage Control ............................................................................ 238 A.1.23 Application Version Number (Reader) .......................................................... 238 A.1.24 Authenticated Application Data .................................................................... 239 A.1.25 Cardholder Verification Decision .................................................................. 239 A.1.26 Card Capabilities Information ....................................................................... 240 A.1.27 Card Data Input Capability ........................................................................... 241 A.1.28 Card Key Data .............................................................................................. 241 A.1.29 Card Qualifier ............................................................................................... 242 A.1.30 Card TVR ..................................................................................................... 242 A.1.31 CDOL1 ......................................................................................................... 243 A.1.32 CDOL1 Related Data ................................................................................... 243 A.1.33 Certification Authority Public Key Index (Card) ............................................. 243 A.1.34 Cryptogram Information Data ....................................................................... 244 A.1.35 Crypto Read Data Counter ........................................................................... 244 A.1.36 Crypto Read Record Counter ....................................................................... 244 A.1.37 CVM Capability – CVM Required ................................................................. 245 A.1.38 CVM Capability – No CVM Required ............................................................ 246 A.1.39 CVM Results ................................................................................................ 246 A.1.40 Data Envelope 1 – 10 ................................................................................... 247 A.1.41 Data Envelopes To Write ............................................................................. 247 A.1.42 Data Envelopes To Write Yet ....................................................................... 247 A.1.43 Data Needed ................................................................................................ 248 A.1.44 Data Record ................................................................................................. 248 A.1.45 Data To Send ............................................................................................... 250 A.1.46 Default CDOL1 ............................................................................................. 250 A.1.47 Default IAD MAC Offset ............................................................................... 250 A.1.48 Device Estimated Transmission Time For Relay Resistance R-APDU ......... 251 A.1.49 Device Relay Resistance Entropy ................................................................ 251 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 9 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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A.1.50 DF Name ...................................................................................................... 251 A.1.51 Discretionary Data Tag List .......................................................................... 251 A.1.52 Discretionary Data ........................................................................................ 252 A.1.53 EDA Status .................................................................................................. 252 A.1.54 Enhanced Data Authentication MAC ............................................................ 253 A.1.55 Error Indication ............................................................................................. 253 A.1.56 Extended SDA Tag List ................................................................................ 255 A.1.57 Extended SDA Tag List Related Data .......................................................... 255 A.1.58 File Control Information Issuer Discretionary Data ....................................... 255 A.1.59 File Control Information Proprietary Template .............................................. 255 A.1.60 File Control Information Template ................................................................ 256 A.1.61 GENERATE AC Response Message Data Field .......................................... 257 A.1.62 Hold Time Value ........................................................................................... 257 A.1.63 IAD MAC Offset ............................................................................................ 257 A.1.64 ICC ECC Public Key (for RSA Certificates) .................................................. 257 A.1.65 ICC Public Key Certificate ............................................................................ 258 A.1.66 ICC RSA Public Key Exponent ..................................................................... 258 A.1.67 ICC RSA Public Key Remainder................................................................... 258 A.1.68 Interface Device Serial Number .................................................................... 258 A.1.69 Issuer Application Data ................................................................................ 259 A.1.70 Issuer Application Data MAC ........................................................................ 259 A.1.71 Issuer Code Table Index .............................................................................. 259 A.1.72 Issuer Identification Number ......................................................................... 259 A.1.73 Issuer Identification Number Extended ......................................................... 260 A.1.74 Issuer Public Key Certificate ......................................................................... 260 A.1.75 Issuer RSA Public Key Exponent ................................................................. 260 A.1.76 Issuer RSA Public Key Remainder ............................................................... 260 A.1.77 Kernel Configuration..................................................................................... 261 A.1.78 Kernel Decision ............................................................................................ 262 A.1.79 Kernel Key Data ........................................................................................... 262 A.1.80 Kernel Qualifier ............................................................................................ 263 A.1.81 Kernel Reserved TVR Mask ......................................................................... 264 A.1.82 Language Preference ................................................................................... 264 A.1.83 Last ERRD Response .................................................................................. 264 A.1.84 [deleted] ....................................................................................................... 265 A.1.85 Maximum Relay Resistance Grace Period ................................................... 265 A.1.86 Max Time For Processing Relay Resistance APDU ..................................... 265 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 10 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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A.1.87 Measured Relay Resistance Processing Time ............................................. 265 A.1.88 Merchant Category Code ............................................................................. 266 A.1.89 Merchant Identifier ....................................................................................... 266 A.1.90 Merchant Name and Location ...................................................................... 266 A.1.91 Message Hold Time ..................................................................................... 266 A.1.92 Message Identifier ........................................................................................ 267 A.1.93 Message Identifiers On Restart .................................................................... 268 A.1.94 Message To Validate .................................................................................... 268 A.1.95 Minimum Relay Resistance Grace Period .................................................... 269 A.1.96 Min Time For Processing Relay Resistance APDU ...................................... 269 A.1.97 Next Cmd ..................................................................................................... 269 A.1.98 Outcome Parameter Set ............................................................................... 270 A.1.99 Payment Account Reference ........................................................................ 272 A.1.100 PDOL ........................................................................................................... 272 A.1.101 PDOL Related Data...................................................................................... 272 A.1.102 PDOL Values ............................................................................................... 273 A.1.103 Proceed To First Write Flag .......................................................................... 273 A.1.104 Reader Contactless Floor Limit .................................................................... 273 A.1.105 Reader CVM Required Limit ......................................................................... 274 A.1.106 Read Data Status ......................................................................................... 274 A.1.107 Read Data Tags To Validate Yet .................................................................. 275 A.1.108 Reference Control Parameter ....................................................................... 275 A.1.109 Relay Resistance Accuracy Threshold ......................................................... 276 A.1.110 Relay Resistance Time Excess .................................................................... 276 A.1.111 Relay Resistance Transmission Time Mismatch Threshold .......................... 276 A.1.112 Response Message Template Format 2 ....................................................... 277 A.1.113 Restart Indicator ........................................................................................... 278 A.1.114 RRP Counter ................................................................................................ 279 A.1.115 Security Capability ....................................................................................... 279 A.1.116 Service Code................................................................................................ 279 A.1.117 Start Time .................................................................................................... 279 A.1.118 Tag Mapping List .......................................................................................... 280 A.1.119 Tags To Read .............................................................................................. 280 A.1.120 Tags To Read Yet ........................................................................................ 281 A.1.121 Terminal Action Code – Denial ..................................................................... 281 A.1.122 Terminal Action Code – Online ..................................................................... 281 A.1.123 Terminal Capabilities .................................................................................... 282 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 11 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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A.1.124 Terminal Country Code ................................................................................ 282 A.1.125 Terminal Expected Transmission Time For Relay Resistance C-APDU ....... 283 A.1.126 Terminal Expected Transmission Time For Relay Resistance R-APDU ....... 283 A.1.127 Terminal Identification .................................................................................. 283 A.1.128 Terminal Relay Resistance Entropy ............................................................. 283 A.1.129 Terminal Risk Management Data ................................................................. 284 A.1.130 Terminal Type .............................................................................................. 285 A.1.131 Terminal Verification Results ........................................................................ 285 A.1.132 Timeout Value .............................................................................................. 286 A.1.133 Token Requester ID ..................................................................................... 287 A.1.134 Track 1 Discretionary Data ........................................................................... 287 A.1.135 Track 2 Discretionary Data ........................................................................... 287 A.1.136 Track 2 Equivalent Data ............................................................................... 287 A.1.137 Transaction Currency Code .......................................................................... 288 A.1.138 Transaction Currency Exponent ................................................................... 288 A.1.139 Transaction Date .......................................................................................... 288 A.1.140 Transaction Time ......................................................................................... 289 A.1.141 Transaction Type ......................................................................................... 289 A.1.142 Unpredictable Number ................................................................................. 289 A.1.143 User Interface Request Data 1 ..................................................................... 289 A.1.144 User Interface Request Data 2 ..................................................................... 291 A.1.145 Write Data Status ......................................................................................... 291 A.2 Data Objects by Tag .......................................................................................... 292 A.3 Configuration Data Objects .............................................................................. 296 Annex B (formerly ECC Certificate Format) ................................................................ 298 Annex C (formerly Algorithm Suite Indicators) ........................................................... 298 Annex D (formerly Curve P-256) .................................................................................. 298 Annex E Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 299 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 12 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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Tables Table 1.1—Related Information .......................................................................................... 16 Table 1.2—Terminology ...................................................................................................... 19 Table 1.3—Other Notational Conventions ........................................................................... 26 Table 2.1—Reader Processes ............................................................................................ 32 Table 2.2—Process P Signals ............................................................................................. 33 Table 2.3—Services from Process K ................................................................................... 35 Table 2.4—Responses from Process K .............................................................................. 36 Table 2.5—Process C Signals ............................................................................................ 38 Table 2.6—Reader Database .............................................................................................. 40 Table 2.7—Persistent Dataset for Kernel 8 ......................................................................... 41 Table 3.1—Kernel Implementation Options ......................................................................... 42 Table 3.2—Kernel TLV Database Categories ..................................................................... 43 Table 3.3—Kernel Configuration Options ............................................................................ 51 Table 4.1—Access Conditions ............................................................................................ 53 Table 4.2—RSA Certification Authority Public Key Related Data ........................................ 62 Table 4.3—ECC Certification Authority Public Key Related Data ........................................ 63 Table 4.4—Certification Revocation List Related Data ........................................................ 65 Table 5.1—Coding of the Instruction Byte ........................................................................... 69 Table 5.2—Generic Status Bytes ........................................................................................ 69 Table 5.3—Exchange Relay Resistance Data Command Message .................................... 70 Table 5.4—Exchange Relay Resistance Data Response Message Data Field.................... 70 Table 5.5—Status Bytes for Exchange Relay Resistance Data Command .......................... 71 Table 5.6—Generate AC Command Message .................................................................... 72 Table 5.7—P2 of Generate AC Command .......................................................................... 72 Table 5.8—GENERATE AC Response Message Data Field ............................................... 73 Table 5.9—Status Bytes for Generate AC Command.......................................................... 73 Table 5.10—Get Processing Options Command Message.................................................. 74 Table 5.11—Get Processing Options Response Message Data Field ................................. 75 Table 5.12—Status Bytes for Get Processing Options Command ....................................... 75 Table 5.13—Read Data Command Message ...................................................................... 76 Table 5.14—Status Bytes for Read Data Command ........................................................... 77 Table 5.15—Read Record Command Message .................................................................. 78 Table 5.16—P2 of Read Record Command ........................................................................ 78 Table 5.17—Read Record Response Message Data Field ................................................. 79 Table 5.18—Encrypted Read Record Response Message Data Field ................................ 79 Table 5.19—Status Bytes for Read Record Command ....................................................... 79 Table 5.20—Write Data Command Message ...................................................................... 80 Table 5.21—P2 of Write Data Command ............................................................................ 80 Table 5.22—Status Bytes for Write Data Command ........................................................... 81 Table 6.0—State KS.1 Local Variables ............................................................................... 84 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 13 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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Table 6.1—State 1 Local Variables ..................................................................................... 87 Table 6.2—State 2 Local Variables ..................................................................................... 92 Table 6.3—State 20 Local Variables ................................................................................... 97 Table 6.4—State 21 Local Variables ................................................................................. 101 Table 6.5—State 22 Local Variables ................................................................................. 112 Table 6.6—State 23 Local Variables ................................................................................. 120 Table 6.7—State 24 Local Variables ................................................................................. 132 Table 6.8—State 25 Local Variables ................................................................................. 137 Table 6.9—State 26 Local Variables ................................................................................. 148 Table 6.10—State 27 Local Variables ............................................................................... 155 Table 6.11—State 28 Local Variables ............................................................................... 162 Table 6.12—State 29 Local Variables ............................................................................... 167 Table 6.13—State 30 Local Variables ............................................................................... 174 Table 7.1—Process C Internal Data Store ........................................................................ 203 Table A.1—Application Interchange Profile ....................................................................... 235 Table A.2—Application Usage Control .............................................................................. 238 Table A.3—Cardholder Verification Decision .................................................................... 239 Table A.4—Card Capabilities Information ......................................................................... 240 Table A.5—Card Data Input Capability ............................................................................. 241 Table A.6—Card Qualifier ................................................................................................. 242 Table A.7—Cryptogram Information Data ......................................................................... 244 Table A.8—CVM Capability – CVM Required ................................................................... 245 Table A.9—CVM Capability – No CVM Required .............................................................. 246 Table A.10—CVM Results ................................................................................................ 246 Table A.11—Data Objects Included in Data Record .......................................................... 248 Table A.12—EDA Status ................................................................................................... 252 Table A.13—Error Indication ............................................................................................. 253 Table A.14—Error Indication – L1 ..................................................................................... 253 Table A.15—Error Indication – L2 ..................................................................................... 254 Table A.16—Error Indication – L3 ..................................................................................... 254 Table A.17—File Control Information Template of an ADF ................................................ 256 Table A.18—Kernel Configuration ..................................................................................... 261 Table A.19—Kernel Decision ............................................................................................ 262 Table A.20—Kernel Qualifier ............................................................................................. 263 Table A.20b—Message Identifier ...................................................................................... 267 Table A.21—Message Identifiers On Restart .................................................................... 268 Table A.22—Next Cmd ..................................................................................................... 269 Table A.23—Outcome Parameter Set ............................................................................... 270 Table A.24—Read Data Status ......................................................................................... 274 Table A.25—Reference Control Parameter ....................................................................... 275 Table A.26—Restart Indicator ........................................................................................... 278 Table A.27—Security Capability ........................................................................................ 279 Table A.28—Terminal Capabilities .................................................................................... 282 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 14 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. 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Table A.29—Terminal Risk Management Data ................................................................. 284 Table A.30—Terminal Verification Results ........................................................................ 285 Table A.31—Track 2 Equivalent Data ............................................................................... 287 Table A.32—UIRD ............................................................................................................ 290 Table A.33—(obsolete) ..................................................................................................... 290 Table A.34—UIRD – Status .............................................................................................. 290 Table A.35—(obsolete) ..................................................................................................... 290 Table A.36—Write Data Status ......................................................................................... 291 Table A.37—Data Objects by Tag ..................................................................................... 292 Table A.38—Configuration Data Objects ........................................................................... 296 Table E.1—Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 299 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 15 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Figures Figure 1.1—Example of State Diagram Notation ................................................................. 21 Figure 1.2—Symbols Used in Flow Diagrams ..................................................................... 22 Figure 1.3—Example of Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 23 Figure 2.1—General Architecture ........................................................................................ 30 Figure 2.2—Reader Logical Architecture............................................................................. 32 Figure 2.3—Reader Database – Persistent Datasets .......................................................... 39 Figure 6.1—Kernel State Diagram ...................................................................................... 83 Figure 6.2—Kernel Started Flow Diagram ........................................................................... 84 Figure 6.3—State 1 Flow Diagram ...................................................................................... 88 Figure 6.4—State 2 Flow Diagram ...................................................................................... 93 Figure 6.5—State 20 Flow Diagram .................................................................................... 98 Figure 6.6—State 21 Flow Diagram .................................................................................. 102 Figure 6.7—States 20 and 21 – Common Processing – Flow Diagram ............................. 108 Figure 6.8—State 22 Flow Diagram .................................................................................. 113 Figure 6.9—State 23 Flow Diagram .................................................................................. 121 Figure 6.10—States 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 – Common Processing – Flow Diagram ........ 128 Figure 6.11—State 24 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 133 Figure 6.12—State 25 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 138 Figure 6.13—States 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 – Common Processing – Flow Diagram ... 143 Figure 6.14—State 26 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 149 Figure 6.15—State 27 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 156 Figure 6.16—States 26 and 27 – Common Processing – Flow Diagram ........................... 157 Figure 6.17—State 28 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 163 Figure 6.18—State 29 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 168 Figure 6.19—State 30 Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 175 Figure 6.20—States 29 and 30 – Common Processing – Flow Diagram ........................... 181 Figure 6.21—Request Process Certificates Flow Diagram ................................................ 192 Figure 6.22—Terminal Action Analysis Flow Diagram ....................................................... 200 Figure 7.1—Process Incoming Signals ............................................................................. 207 Figure 7.2—Initialise Process C ........................................................................................ 210 Figure 7.3—GPO Privacy .................................................................................................. 212 Figure 7.4—Record Received ........................................................................................... 214 Figure 7.5—Process Issuer Certificate .............................................................................. 216 Figure 7.6—Process ICC Certificate ................................................................................. 218 Figure 7.7—Process EDA MAC ........................................................................................ 221 Figure 7.8—Process Blinding Factor ................................................................................. 223 Figure 7.9—Validate Message .......................................................................................... 224 Figure 7.10—Encrypt Message ......................................................................................... 226 Figure 7.11—Process IAD MAC ........................................................................................ 228 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 16 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 1 Using This Manual 1.1 Purpose This document, EMV ® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book C-8 – Kernel 8 Specification, should be read in conjunction with: • EMV Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book A – Architecture and General Requirements, hereafter referred to as [EMV Book A] • EMV Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book B – Entry Point Specification, hereafter referred to as [EMV Book B] • EMV Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book E – Security and Key Management, hereafter referred to as [EMV Book E] This document defines the behaviour of the Kernel used in combination with cards having a Kernel Identifier indicating Kernel 8, as defined in [EMV Book B]. Note: While this kernel is compatible with any Entry Point version, payment systems may specify a minimum Entry Point version that they require. For example, if the Kernel Identifier–Terminal (tag '96') data object is to be used, then the minimum version of Entry Point is Version 2.10 with Specification Bulletin 268. 1.2 Audience This specification is intended for use by manufacturers of contactless readers and terminals. It may also be of interest to manufacturers of contactless cards and to financial institution staff responsible for implementing financial applications in contactless cards. 1.3 Related Information The following references are used in this document. It is noted that the latest version applies unless a publication date is explicitly stated. Table 1.1—Related Information Reference Document Title [EMV Book 1] Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems – Book 1, Application Independent ICC to Terminal Interface Requirements EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 17 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Reference Document Title [EMV Book 2] Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems – Book 2, Security and Key Management [EMV Book 3] Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems – Book 3, Application Specification [EMV Book 4] Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems – Book 4, Cardholder, Attendant, and Acquirer Interface Requirements [EMV Book A] EMV ® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book A – Architecture and General Requirements [EMV Book B] EMV ® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book B – Entry Point Specification [EMV Book E] EMV ® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems, Book E – Security and Key Management [EMV CL L1] EMV ® Level 1 Specifications for Payment Systems, EMV Contactless Interface Specification [EMV Token] EMV ® Payment Tokenisation Specification, Technical Framework [ISO 639-1] Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 1: Alpha-2 Code [ISO 3166-1] Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes [ISO 4217] Codes for the representation of currencies and funds [ISO/IEC 7813] Information technology — Identification cards — Financial transaction cards [ISO/IEC 7816-4] Identification cards — Integrated circuit(s) cards with contacts — Part 4: Organization, security and commands for interchange [ISO/IEC 7816-5] Registration of application providers [ISO 8583:1987] Financial transaction card originated messages – Interchange message specifications [ISO 8583:1993] Financial transaction card originated messages – Interchange message specifications EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 18 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Reference Document Title [ISO/IEC 8825-1] Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) [ISO/IEC 8859] Information technology – 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets [ISO/IEC 9797-1] Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) — Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher [ISO/IEC 10116] Information technology — Security techniques — Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher [ISO/IEC 14888-3] Information technology — Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix — Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms [ISO/IEC 18031:2005] Information technology – Security techniques – Random bit generation [NIST SP800-22A] A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic algorithms EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 19 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 1.4 Terminology The following terms are used in this document, carrying specialised meanings as indicated. Table 1.2—Terminology Term Description Card Card, as used in these specifications, is a consumer device supporting contactless transactions. Combination Combination is the combination of an AID and a Kernel ID. Configuration Option A Configuration Option allows activation or deactivation of the Kernel software behind this option. The Configuration Option may change the execution path of the software but it does not change the software itself. A Configuration Option is set in the Kernel database per AID and Transaction Type. Implementation Option An Implementation Option allows the vendor to select whether the functionality behind the option will be implemented in a particular installation. Kernel The Kernel contains the interface routines, security and control functions, and logic to manage a set of commands and responses to retrieve all the necessary data from the Card to complete a transaction. The Kernel processing covers the interaction with the Card between the selection of the card application (excluded) and the processing of the transaction’s outcome (excluded). NULL The state of a data object of a given type with no value. POS System The POS System is the collective term given to the payment infrastructure present at the merchant. It is made up of the Terminal and Reader. Process A Process is a logical component within a Reader that has one or more Queues to receive Signals. The processing of Signals, in combination with the carried data, may then generate other Signals to be sent. Processing can continue until all the Queues of a Process are empty, or until the Process terminates. EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 20 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Term Description Queue A Queue is a buffer that stores events to be processed. The events are stored in the order received. Reader The Reader is the device that supports the Kernel(s) and provides the contactless interface used by the Card. In this specification, the Reader is considered as a separate logical entity, although it can be an integral part of the POS System. Signal A Signal is an asynchronous event that is placed in a Queue. A Signal can convey data as parameters, and the data provided in this way is used in the processing of the Signal. String A sequence of bytes. Terminal The Terminal is the device that connects to the authorisation and/or clearing network and that together with the Reader makes up the POS System. The Terminal and the Reader may exist in a single integrated device. However, in this specification, they are considered separate logical entities. EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 21 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 1.5 Notations 1.5.1 State Machine This document specifies the Kernel processing as a state machine that is triggered by Signals that cause state transitions. The application states of the Kernel are written in a specific format to distinguish them from the rest of the text: State Example: S22 – Waiting for Read Record Response The state machine of the Kernel is represented using a state diagram. Example: Figure 1.1 depicts the transitions for state S26 – Waiting for Generate AC Response. Upon receiving the Signal RECORD DECRYPTED, the state machine remains in state S26 – Waiting for Generate AC Response. The state machine leaves state S26 – Waiting for Generate AC Response upon receiving an RA Signal. In this case, the state machine goes to S28 – Waiting for IAD MAC Results if Crypto Read Record Counter = 0 and to S27 – Waiting for Decrypted Records if Crypto Read Record Counter ≠ 0. Figure 1.1—Example of State Diagram Notation This document uses a combination of flow diagrams and textual description to describe the state transitions in the state machine of the Kernel. Figure 1.2 depicts the symbols used in the flow diagrams. S26 – Waiting for Generate AC Response S27 – Waiting for Decrypted Records S28 – Waiting for IAD MAC Results RA/CRYPTO READ RECORD COUNTER != 0 RA/CRYPTO READ RECORD COUNTER = 0 RECORD DECRYPTED EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 22 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Figure 1.2—Symbols Used in Flow Diagrams X - State Procedure CALL <Procedure Name> State Procedure Start Call Procedure () High-Level Action Description Action With Detailed Description as Described in Text Label Detailed Action Description Action With Detailed Description Included in the Flow Diagram Label Connectors TRUE FALSE Test ? DE/ DS YES NO Decision Implementation Option Test Signal Received Action Signal Sent Action Label SIGNALSIGNAL EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 23 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. On the Kernel behaviour, the combination of the flow diagrams and the corresponding textual descriptions constitutes the requirements: • Each diagram in this specification has a unique label. • Each symbol in a diagram has a unique identifier that is the concatenation of the diagram label with the symbol number. • The textual description corresponding to a symbol may be included in the diagram or it may be a detailed textual description included in the text below the diagram. The flow diagrams are read from top to bottom and define the order of execution of the processing steps. The textual description specifies the behaviour of the individual steps but bears no information on the order of execution. An example of a flow diagram is given in Figure 1.3 in combination with the detailed textual description below. Figure 1.3—Example of Flow Diagram 1.10 If the Language Preference is returned from the Card, then copy it to 'Language Preference' in User Interface Request Data 1 and User Interface Request Data 2: IF [IsNotEmpty(TagOf(Language Preference))] THEN 'Language Preference' in User Interface Request Data 1 := Language Preference 'Language Preference' in User Interface Request Data 2 := Language Preference If the length of Language Preference is less than 8 bytes, then pad 'Language Preference' in User Interface Request Data 1 and User Interface Request Data 2 with trailing hexadecimal zeroes to 8 bytes. ENDIF TRUE IsNotEmpty(TagOf(DF Name)) AND IsNotEmpty(TagOf(Card Qualifier)) AND 'Version' in Card Qualifier 1.8 FALSE Set Language Preference 1.10 'L2' in Error Indication := CARD DATA MISSING 'Msg On Error' in Error Indication := N/A 1.9 EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 24 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Only symbol 1.10 has a detailed textual description. The textual descriptions of symbols 1.9 and 1.8 are included in the flow diagram. The requirements are related to the behaviour of the Kernel, while leaving flexibility in the actual implementation. The implementation must behave in a way that is indistinguishable from the behaviour specified in this document, in that it creates the output as predicted by this specification for a given input. There is no requirement that the implementation realises the behaviour through a state machine as described in this document. 1.5.2 Data Object Notation Data objects used for this specification are capitalised: Data Object Name Example: Application File Locator To refer to a sub-element of a data object (i.e. a specific bit, set of bits, or byte of a multi-byte data object), the following notational convention is used: Named sub-element If the sub-element is defined in the data dictionary (Annex A), with each possible value of the sub-element having a name, then the following conventions apply: • The reference to the sub-element is 'Name of Sub-element' in Data Object Name. • The reference to the value is VALUE OF SUB-ELEMENT. Examples: 'CVM Limit exceeded' in Terminal Risk Management Data refers to bit 8 of byte 2 in Terminal Risk Management Data. 'CVM' in Outcome Parameter Set := ONLINE PIN means the same as bits 8 to 5 of byte 4 of Outcome Parameter Set are set to 0010b. Sub-element identified by index Alternatively, an index may be used to identify a sub-element of a data object. In this case the following notational conventions apply: • To refer to a specific byte of a multi-byte data object, a byte index is used within brackets (i.e. [ ]). The first byte (leftmost or most significant) of a data object has index 1. For example, Terminal Verification Results[2] represents byte 2 of Terminal Verification Results. EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 25 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. • To refer to a specific bit of a single byte multi-bit data object, a bit index is used within brackets [ ]. The first bit (rightmost or least significant) of a data object has index 1. For example, Cryptogram Information Data[7] represents bit 7 of the Cryptogram Information Data. • To refer to a specific bit of a multi-byte data object, a byte index and a bit index are used within brackets (i.e. [ ][ ]). For example, Terminal Verification Results[2][4] represents bit 4 of byte 2 of the Terminal Verification Results. • Ranges of bytes are expressed using the x:y notational convention: For example, Terminal Verification Results[1:4] represents bytes 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Terminal Verification Results. • Ranges of bits are expressed using the y:x notational convention: For example, Cryptogram Information Data[5:1] represents bits 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 of the Cryptogram Information Data. For example, Application File Locator [1][8:4] represents bits 4 to 8 of byte 1 of AFL. EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 26 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. 1.5.3 Other Notational Conventions Notations for processing data and managing memory are described in Table 1.3. Table 1.3—Other Notational Conventions Notation Meaning Example '0' to '9' and 'A' to 'F' Hexadecimal notation. Values expressed in hexadecimal form are enclosed in straight single quotes. 27509 decimal is expressed in hexadecimal as '6B75'. 1001b Binary notation. Values expressed in binary form are followed by the letter b. '08' hexadecimal is expressed in binary as 00001000b. 340 Decimal notation. Values expressed in decimal form are not enclosed in single quotes. '0C' hexadecimal is expressed in decimal as 12. C-APDU C-APDUs are written in all caps to distinguish them from the text GET PROCESSING OPTIONS SET A specific bit in a data object is set to the value 1b SET 'Kernel 8 processing and TVR format' in Terminal Verification Results CLEAR A specific bit in a data object is set to the value 0b CLEAR 'Cardholder verification was not successful' in Terminal Verification Results := A specific value is assigned to a data object or to a sub-element of a data object 'Status' in Outcome Parameter Set := END APPLICATION = This notation is used for both the logical and bitwise equivalence operations. Its meaning is therefore context-specific. Logical equivalence: L = GetLength(T) V = GetValue(T) OR This notation is used for both the logical and bitwise OR operations. Its meaning is therefore context-specific. Logical OR: IF [IsNotPresent(T) OR IsEmpty(T)] EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 27 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV ® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. Notation Meaning Example AND This notation is used for both the logical and bitwise AND operation. Its meaning is therefore context-specific. Logical AND: IF [IsNotEmptyList(Data To Send) AND IsEmptyList(Tags To Read Yet)] Bitwise AND: TVR := (TVR AND Kernel Reserved TVR Mask) NOT This notation is used for both the logical and bitwise negation operation. Therefore, its meaning is context-specific. Logical NOT: IF [NOT ParseAndStoreCardResponse (TLV)] || Two values are concatenated. A := 'AB34' B := A || 'FFFF' means that B is assigned the value 'AB34FFFF' IF THEN ELSE ENDIF This textual description is used to specify decision logic, using the following syntax: IF T THEN Logic 1 ELSE Logic 2 ENDIF where T is a statement resulting in true or false. IF [IsNotEmptyList(Data Envelopes To Write Yet)] THEN P2 := '80' ELSE P2 := '00' ENDIF EMV ® Contactless Book C-8 Kernel 8 Specification v1.2 Page 28 / 301 © 2022-2026 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EM